{"id":15617,"date":"2024-10-01T17:07:00","date_gmt":"2024-10-01T15:07:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aassdn.org\/amicale\/?p=15617"},"modified":"2025-01-19T19:50:17","modified_gmt":"2025-01-19T18:50:17","slug":"que-pese-la-france-en-indo-pacifique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aassdn.org\/amicale\/que-pese-la-france-en-indo-pacifique\/","title":{"rendered":"Soft power et coop\u00e9ration : la France face \u00e0 ses ambitions en Indo-Pacifique"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

La France, souvent per\u00e7ue comme une ancienne puissance coloniale secondaire en Indo-Pacifique, maintient une pr\u00e9sence strat\u00e9gique gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses territoires ultramarins, son vaste r\u00e9seau diplomatique et sa politique d\u2019autonomie non align\u00e9e. Malgr\u00e9 une influence militaire r\u00e9duite, elle privil\u00e9gie la coop\u00e9ration avec des partenaires r\u00e9gionaux cl\u00e9s pour promouvoir la s\u00e9curit\u00e9, la libert\u00e9 des mers et renforcer la visibilit\u00e9 de sa strat\u00e9gie dans cette r\u00e9gion essentielle.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Commentaire AASSDN :<\/strong> Cet article est d\u2019abord une note g\u00e9n\u00e9rale qui rappelle quelques donn\u00e9es historiques et g\u00e9ographiques indispensables \u00e0 connaitre si l\u2019on veut \u00e9voquer cette zone qui pr\u00e9sente un v\u00e9ritable int\u00e9r\u00eat strat\u00e9gique pour la France. Ce texte fait ressortir la singularit\u00e9 de notre pays par rapport \u00e0 la place qu\u2019occupent notamment les autres pays europ\u00e9ens en Indo-Pacifique. Encore faut-il que nous ayons une politique claire et r\u00e9aliste, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire une strat\u00e9gie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de long terme et que nous mettions des moyens significatifs en coh\u00e9rence avec les objectifs que nous nous fixons dans cette r\u00e9gion.
A cet \u00e9gard, l\u2019instabilit\u00e9 politique, les probl\u00e8mes \u00e9conomiques et les troubles qui se d\u00e9roulent en Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie et \u00e0 Mayotte, mais \u00e9galement dans d\u2019autres DROM-COM (Guyane) fragilisent notre cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9 et r\u00e9duisent nos capacit\u00e9s d\u2019action. Nos adversaires l\u2019ont bien compris\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La strat\u00e9gie indo-pacifique fran\u00e7aise est souvent incomprise et parfois m\u00e9connue. Dans cette immense r\u00e9gion \u00e0 l\u2019importance cruciale, la France est fr\u00e9quemment per\u00e7ue comme une ancienne puissance coloniale amen\u00e9e \u00e0 jouer, au mieux, un r\u00f4le secondaire.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il est vrai que la France a connu une longue pr\u00e9sence coloniale dans la r\u00e9gion, pendant environ trois si\u00e8cles, de 1674 \u00e0 1954, notamment \u00e0 Madagascar, \u00e0 Djibouti, \u00e0 Mayotte, en Inde, en Indochine et dans le Pacifique Sud. En outre, elle a \u00e9galement eu recours de mani\u00e8re immod\u00e9r\u00e9e \u00e0 la politique de la canonni\u00e8re face au Siam, au Vietnam, \u00e0 la Chine et \u00e0 la Cor\u00e9e. Aujourd\u2019hui, du fait de cette histoire, elle se trouve en conflit avec l\u2019\u00eele Maurice pour l\u2019\u00eele de Tromelin, avec les Comores pour Mayotte et les \u00eeles Glorieuses, et avec Madagascar pour les \u00eeles \u00c9parses. Dans l\u2019oc\u00e9an Pacifique, la France est \u00e9galement confront\u00e9e \u00e0 un mouvement ind\u00e9pendantiste en Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie et sa possession de Clipperton a \u00e9t\u00e9 ouvertement remise en question par le Mexique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Outre les questions historiques, plusieurs \u00e9v\u00e9nements survenus plus r\u00e9cemment ont \u00e9galement contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 cette perception\u00a0: les essais nucl\u00e9aires effectu\u00e9s par la France jusqu\u2019en 1995, les scandales li\u00e9s aux contrats de d\u00e9fense sign\u00e9s avec Ta\u00efwan, ainsi qu\u2019avec l\u2019Arabie saoudite et le Pakistan dans les ann\u00e9es\u00a01990 et au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es\u00a02000, et plus pr\u00e8s de nous l\u2019annulation par Canberra du contrat de sous-marins au profit de l\u2019accord AUKUS et l\u2019abandon par l\u2019Australie de contrats de d\u00e9fense avec la France (h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res d\u2019attaque Tigre, h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de transport NH90).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par ailleurs, l\u2019appareil de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 r\u00e9gionale fran\u00e7ais a \u00e9t\u00e9 consid\u00e9rablement r\u00e9duit, passant de 8\u00a0500 \u00e0 7\u00a0000 hommes au cours des dix derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Sans parler des coupes budg\u00e9taires post-crise des subprimes (les redoutables LOLF et RGPP) dans la diplomatie fran\u00e7aise qui ont entra\u00een\u00e9 une r\u00e9duction d\u2019effectifs dans un certain nombre d\u2019ambassades. Tous ces facteurs ont clairement eu un impact sur l\u2019image de la France dans la r\u00e9gion et ont contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 une opinion contrast\u00e9e aupr\u00e8s du public, comme des experts et des autorit\u00e9s politiques et militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En outre, la strat\u00e9gie indo-pacifique de la France, publi\u00e9e en 2019, reste floue pour nombre de nos voisins, partenaires et alli\u00e9s. La France gagnerait certainement \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer sa communication autour de ses initiatives et de ses r\u00e9sultats concrets, pour les faire mieux conna\u00eetre et appr\u00e9cier. Une meilleure coop\u00e9ration serait \u00e9galement n\u00e9cessaire entre ses (trop) nombreuses agences, r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement en concurrence les unes avec les autres.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un pays singulier parmi les nations europ\u00e9ennes en Indo-Pacifique<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La France n\u2019est certes pas le pays le plus puissant op\u00e9rant dans la zone indo-pacifique, mais elle n\u2019est ni une petite puissance ni une puissance lointaine dans la r\u00e9gion, o\u00f9 sa pr\u00e9sence a \u00e9t\u00e9 continuellement maintenue depuis la premi\u00e8re moiti\u00e9 du XVIe\u00a0si\u00e8cle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il est \u00e9galement important de noter que m\u00eame si la France a \u00e9t\u00e9 une puissance coloniale, elle a \u00e9tabli son influence par divers moyens, notamment l\u2019\u00e9change d\u2019envoy\u00e9s diplomatiques et l\u2019\u00e9tablissement d\u2019alliances avec les dirigeants locaux, l\u2019implication directe dans divers conflits, la pr\u00e9sence des \u00e9rudits j\u00e9suites \u00e0 la cour de l\u2019empereur Qianlong en Chine, la construction de forteresses de style Vauban au Siam et au Vietnam ou encore la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un arsenal naval moderne \u00e0 Yokosuka, au Japon. Un grand nombre de Fran\u00e7ais de tous m\u00e9tiers ont \u00e9galement apport\u00e9 leurs connaissances et leurs comp\u00e9tences aux dirigeants locaux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd\u2019hui encore, la pr\u00e9sence de la France dans la zone constitue une singularit\u00e9 majeure puisqu\u2019elle est le seul pays de l\u2019UE \u00e0 \u00eatre membre du Conseil de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 de l\u2019ONU et \u00e0 \u00eatre une puissance r\u00e9sidente \u00e0 la fois dans l\u2019oc\u00e9an Pacifique et dans l\u2019oc\u00e9an Indien, sur un ensemble de territoires qui repr\u00e9sente 25\u00a0810\u00a0kilom\u00e8tres carr\u00e9s pour une population de pr\u00e8s de 2\u00a0millions de Fran\u00e7ais, et 93\u00a0% de la zone \u00e9conomique exclusive (ZEE) fran\u00e7aise, la deuxi\u00e8me au monde, juste apr\u00e8s celle des \u00c9tats-Unis. Ses principales entreprises y sont tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sentes, notamment dans le secteur de la d\u00e9fense, o\u00f9 la France se classe au troisi\u00e8me rang des fournisseurs, avec des coop\u00e9rations fructueuses en cours avec l\u2019Inde, Singapour, la Malaisie et l\u2019Indon\u00e9sie (peut-\u00eatre prochainement aux Philippines) et des succ\u00e8s plus anciens en Australie et \u00e0 Ta\u00efwan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En termes d\u2019influence et de diplomatie, Paris b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d\u2019une position unique avec un ensemble \u00e0 la fois tr\u00e8s dense et diversifi\u00e9 d\u2019outils de soft power et de coop\u00e9ration. Cela comprend d\u2019abord, son r\u00e9seau d\u2019ambassades et de consulats, l\u2019un des plus importants au monde\u00a0; deuxi\u00e8mement, les \u00e9coles et centres culturels fran\u00e7ais (r\u00e9seau Alliance fran\u00e7aise) implant\u00e9s dans toutes les grandes villes\u00a0; troisi\u00e8mement, ses chambres de commerce et d\u2019industrie reliant les entreprises fran\u00e7aises et locales\u00a0; quatri\u00e8mement, les institutions fran\u00e7aises de coop\u00e9ration internationale telles que l\u2019Agence fran\u00e7aise de d\u00e9veloppement (AFD) et Expertise France\u00a0; cinqui\u00e8mement, un r\u00e9seau de 18 attach\u00e9s militaires en plus des officiers de liaison dans les centres r\u00e9gionaux de fusion d\u2019informations \u00e0 Madagascar, New Delhi et Singapour, coordonnant la coop\u00e9ration en mati\u00e8re de d\u00e9fense et maritime et menant la diplomatie militaire. Cet outil diplomatique unique, envi\u00e9 par de nombreux pays europ\u00e9ens, permet \u00e0 la France d\u2019\u00eatre un membre actif des plus importants forums et m\u00e9canismes de coop\u00e9ration r\u00e9gionale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des moyens limit\u00e9s mais une approche innovante<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour autant, les observateurs jugent souvent que la France \u00ab\u00a0manque de muscles\u00a0\u00bb en Indo-Pacifique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une telle affirmation n\u2019est pas d\u00e9nu\u00e9e de fondement. Il est vrai que le nombre de troupes dans la zone a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9duit de 20\u00a0% au cours des 10 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es et que la pr\u00e9sence navale a fortement diminu\u00e9 depuis les ann\u00e9es\u00a01990, mais en tout \u00e9tat de cause la France n\u2019a ni l\u2019ambition ni les moyens d\u2019\u00eatre une puissance militaire majeure dans l\u2019Indo-Pacifique. Ses partenaires et alli\u00e9s dans la r\u00e9gion n\u2019attendent ni ne demandent qu\u2019elle prenne parti dans la rivalit\u00e9 \u00c9tats-Unis\/Chine ou s\u2019interpose entre eux. Forte de son h\u00e9ritage historique d\u2019autonomie strat\u00e9gique et d\u2019ind\u00e9pendance politique, la France souhaite ouvrir une troisi\u00e8me voie, ni pro-\u00c9tats-Unis ni anti-Chine, qui r\u00e9sonne avec la posture strat\u00e9gique de non-alignement des \u00ab\u00a0Perspectives sur l\u2019Indo-Pacifique\u00a0\u00bb de l\u2019Asean. \u00c0 ce titre, Paris privil\u00e9gie une posture de facilitateur, de bon voisinage et de partenaire de confiance qui promeut l\u2019\u00e9tat de droit et d\u00e9montre son engagement en faveur de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 r\u00e9gionale et de la libert\u00e9 des mers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019architecture de d\u00e9fense fran\u00e7aise dans la zone comprend deux commandements sous-r\u00e9gionaux \u2013 ALINDIEN pour l\u2019oc\u00e9an Indien et ALPACI pour l\u2019oc\u00e9an Pacifique, en compl\u00e9ment des forces de souverainet\u00e9 positionn\u00e9es \u00e0 La R\u00e9union, en Polyn\u00e9sie fran\u00e7aise et en Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie \u2013 et suit un axe en forme de \u00ab\u00a0S\u00a0\u00bb. Cet axe relie le c\u0153ur m\u00e9tropolitain \u00e0 ses territoires d\u2019outre-mer \u00e0 travers un r\u00e9seau d\u2019alli\u00e9s et de partenaires strat\u00e9giques dont les \u00c9mirats arabes unis, l\u2019Inde, Singapour, l\u2019Indon\u00e9sie et l\u2019Australie (mais aussi le Vietnam, la Cor\u00e9e du Sud et le Japon). Avec certains d\u2019entre eux, la France a \u00e9tabli un dialogue strat\u00e9gique de d\u00e9fense innovant, comme les dialogues strat\u00e9giques trilat\u00e9raux \u00ab\u00a0France-EAU-Inde\u00a0\u00bb et \u00ab\u00a0France-Inde-Australie\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Benjamin BLANDIN
Doctorant en relations internationales, Institut catholique de Paris (ICP)
The conversation<\/em>
https:\/\/theconversation.com\/que-pese-la-france-en-indo-pacifique-225816<\/a>
14 avril 2024<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n

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La France, souvent per\u00e7ue comme une ancienne puissance coloniale secondaire en Indo-Pacifique, maintient une pr\u00e9sence strat\u00e9gique gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses territoires ultramarins, son vaste r\u00e9seau diplomatique et sa politique d\u2019autonomie non align\u00e9e. Malgr\u00e9 une influence militaire r\u00e9duite, elle privil\u00e9gie la coop\u00e9ration avec des partenaires r\u00e9gionaux cl\u00e9s pour promouvoir la s\u00e9curit\u00e9, la libert\u00e9 des mers et renforcer 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